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When substituted benzene molecules undergo electrophilic substitution reactions, substituents on a benzene ring can influence the reactivity. Activating substituents that activate the benzene ring toward electrophilic attack can alter the reaction rate or products by electronically or sterically affecting the interaction of the two reactants. deactivating substituents removes electron density from the benzene ring, making electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions slower and more difficult than benzene itself. For example, a hydroxy or methoxy substituent in phenol and anisole increases the rate of electrophilic substitution, while a nitro substituent decreases the ring's reactivity. Electron donating substituents activate the benzene ring toward electrophilic attack, and electron withdrawing substituents deactivate the ring, making it less reactive to electrophilic attack. The strongest activating substituents are the amino (-NH₂) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups.

Reactivity Effects	Activating substituents	Deactivating substituents
Strong	-NH2, -NHR, -NR2, -OH, -O-	-NO2, -NR3+, -CF3, CCl3
Moderate	-NHCOCH3, -NHCOR, -OCH3,-OR	-CN, -SO3H, -COOH, -COOR, -COH, -COR
Weak	-CH3, -C2H5, -R, -C6H5	-F, -Cl, -Br, -I

Toluene, aniline and phenol are activated aromatic compounds. Examples of deactivated aromatic compounds are nitrobenzene, benzaldehyde and halogenated benzenes.

Activating substituents generally direct substitution to the ortho and para positions where substitutions must take place. With some exceptions, deactivating substituents direct to the meta position. Deactivating substituents which orient ortho and para- positions are the halogens (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I) and -CH₂Cl, and -CH=CHNO₂

When disubstituted benzene molecules undergo electrophilic substitution reactions, a new substituent is directed depends on the orientation of the existing substituents and their individual effects; whether the groups have cooperative or antagonistic directing effects. Ortho position is the most reactive towards electrophile due to the highest electron density ortho positions. But this increased reactivity is countervailed by steric hindrance between substituent and electrophile.

A nucleophilic substitution is a substitution reaction which the nucleophile displaces a good leaving group, such as a halide on an aromatic ring. This mechanism is called S_NAr ( the two-step addition-elimination mechanism), where electron withdrawing substituents activate the ring towards nucleophilic attack. Addition-elimination reactions usually occur at sp² or sp hybridized carbon atoms, in contrast to S_N1 and S_N2 at sp^3. Chloro and bromobenzene reacts with the very strong base sodium amide (NaNH₂) to give good yields of aniline. Other nucleophilic aromatic substitution mechanisms include benzyne mechanism and free radical (S_RN1) mechanism.

• Conversion of halogens into other various substituents
• Modifying activating substituents
• Oxidative degradation of alkyl chain
• Reduction of nitro or carbonyl substituents
• Reversibility of the aromatic sulfonation reaction

2-Bromotoluene is used in manufacturing pharmaceuticals (especially for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; Meclofenamic acid, Mefenamic acid) and other organic compounds

APPEARANCE

CONTENT

99.0% min

180 C min

TRANSPORTATION