|
PHENANTHRENE
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS NO. | 85-01-8 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| EINECS NO. | 201-581-5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FORMULA | C14H10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MOL WT. | 178.23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H.S. CODE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
TOXICITY |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SYNONYMS | Phenanthren Phenanthrin Coal tar pitch volatiles: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| phenanthrene Phenantrin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SMILES | coal tar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
CLASSIFICATION |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
GENERAL DESCRIPTION |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Phenanthrene is a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbonn (isomeric with anthracene)
derived from coal tar melts at 99 C,boils at 340 C, insoluble in water but is soluble in most organic solvents such as toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, chloroform, acetic acid and benzene. It is a white crystalline substance with a bluish fluorescence. It is used in the synthesis of dyes, explosives and drugs. It can be used as a feed stock of carbon black.
Due to extended pi-electron cloud overlaps, organometallic molecules or aromatic oligometers such as anthracene exhibit semiconductor properties. Conductive polymers have extended delocalized bonds that creates electrical conductivity when charge carriers generated make positive charges (holes) and negative charges (electrons) move to opposite electrodes. Doping is the intentional impurities in a pure semiconductor to generate charge carriers. The transportation of charges is responsible for fluorescence and electrical energy. These can form well-ordered thin crystalline films. Organic semiconductors have some merits of self radiation, flexibility, light weight, easy fabrication, and low cost. Organic electroluminescence materials have lead to the rapid development of photovoltaic and display devices such as organic solar cells, biosensitizers, OLED(Organic Light Emiting Diode), OTFT(Organic Thin Film Transistor), Wearable Display, and e-Paper. Some examples of organic electroluminescence materials are:
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PHYSICAL STATE | White to yellow crystals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MELTING POINT | 97 - 101 C | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BOILING POINT | 336 - 340 C | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SPECIFIC GRAVITY | 1.06 - 1.07 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOLUBILITY IN WATER | Insoluble | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOLVENT SOLUBILITY |
soluble in toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, chloroform, acetic acid and benzene. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| AUTOIGNITION |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pH |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| VAPOR DENSITY | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NFPA RATINGS | Health: 1 Flammability: 1 Reactivity: 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FLASH POINT |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| STABILITY | Stable under ordinary conditions. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
APPLICATIONS |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phenanthrene is used in the synthesis of dyes, explosives and drugs. It can be used as a feed stock of carbon black. It is a raw material of phenanthrenequinone which is widely used in the synthesis of dyes, agrochemical and preservatives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SALES SPECIFICATION | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
APPEARANCE |
White to yellow crystals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ASSAY |
98.0% min | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MELTING POINT | 99 - 102 C | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| TRANSPORTATION | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PACKING | 25ks in bag. 1mt in bag | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HAZARD CLASS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| UN NO. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OTHER INFORMATION | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hazard Symbols: T, Risk Phrases: 45, Safety Phrases: 24/25 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PAHs |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (also called polynuclear hydrocarbons) have two
or more single or fused aromatic rings if a pair of carbon atoms is shared
between rings in their molecules. In particular, the term 'PAH' refers to the
compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms while the wider term
'polycyclic aromatic compounds' includes the alkyl-substituted derivatives and
functional derivatives such as nitro- and hydroxy-PAH as well as the
heterocyclic analogues, which contain one or more hetero atoms in the aromatic
structure. PAHs exist in various combinations that manifest various functions
such as light sensitivity, heat resistance, conductivity, emittability,
corrosion resistance and physiological action. The simplest examples are
naphthalene having two benzene rings side by side and biphenyl having two
bond-connected benzene rings. PAHs are not found in synthetic products and
are non-essential for the growth of living cells. The general
characteristics of PAH describe high melting- and boiling-points (they are
solid), low vapour pressure, and very low water solubility, decreasing with
increasing molecular weight whereas resistance to oxidation, reduction, and
vapourization increases. Vapour pressure tends to decrease with increasing
molecular weight. PAHs are highly lipophilic and readily soluble in organic
solvents. The lower molecular weight PAHs of 2 or 3 ring groups such as
naphthalenes, fluorenes, phenanthrenes, and anthracenes have toxicity which
tends to decrease with increasing molecular weight. PAHs are not synthesized
chemically for industrial purposes but are isolated from concentrated coal-tar
products (or from pyrolysis of coal hydrocarbons) followed by subsequent
purification through repeated distillation and crystallization. Some PAHs such
as naphthalene are also obtained from the concentration of the high boiling
residual oil (and asphalt) derived from crude petroleum refinery processing.
These PAHs are mostly used as intermediaries in pharmaceuticals, agricultural
products,
photographic products, thermosetting plastics, lubricating materials, and other
chemical
industries. General uses are
Precise PAHs, specific refined products are used also in the field of electronics, functional plastics and liquid crystals. Pharmaceutical and agricultural PAHs obtained coal tar are such materials as indole, indolizine, indene, quinoline, quinalidine, isoquinoline and their derivatives. High boiling-point special solvent are such materials as tetoralin, decaline, methyl-naphthalenes. Coumarins and dihydrocoumarins which can be obtained coal tar are PAHs used in perfumery. Thermosensitive paper sensitizer PAHs are such materials as p-benzylbiphenyl and ethylbiphenyl.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
