PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

TOXICITY

SMILES

CLASSIFICATION

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

104 C

0.752

435 C

REFRACTIVE INDEX

20 C

GENERAL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATIONS

Many amines are not only bases but also nucleophiles that form a variety of electrophile compounds. They are important intermediates for chemical syntheses due to the basic functionality of the nitrogen atom and electrophilic substitution at nitrogen. Some examples of compounds obtained by reaction of amines are:

• Amides (by reaction with acyl halides or ammonium carboxylate salts)
• N-Alkyl amines (by reaction with halogenoalkanes)
• Isocyanates (by reaction with phosgene)
• Carbamoyl chlorides or Urea derivatives (by reaction with phosgene)
• Alkoxylated amines (by reaction alkylene oxide)
• Quaternary ammonium compounds (by reaction with alkyl halides and dialkyl sulfates)
• N-Alkylcarbamic acids or N,N'- Dialkyl ureas (by reaction  with carbon dioxide)
• Urea derivatives (by reaction with isocyanates)
• Schiff bases (by reaction with aldehydes or ketones)
• Aminopropionitriles (by reaction of 1° and 2° amines with acrylonitrile)
• N-Alkylamino acids (by reaction of 1° and 2° amines with monochloroacetic acid or with unsaturated acids)
• Amine oxides (by reaction of 3° amines with hydrogen peroxide)
• Sulfonamide derivatives (by reaction of 1° and 2° amines with benzenesulfonyl chloride)

Low molecular amine names are formed by adding '-amine' as a suffix to the name of the parent compound. In substitutive nomenclature, the prefix 'amino-' is placed before the name of the parent compound to denote the functional group in high molecular amines. Synthetic amines are made mostly by reaction of alcohols with ammonia, catalyzed by metals( nickel or copper) or metal oxide at high temperature. Many methods have been devised for the synthesis of the amines; reacting ammonia with an alkyl halide and neutralizing the resulting alkyl ammonium salt with an alkali, e.g., sodium hydroxide. This procedure yields a mixture of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines that is easily separated into its three components by fractional distillation; boiling methyl isocyanate with caustic potash, heating the alkyl iodides with ammonia; reduction of nitriles with alcohol and sodium; heating the esters of nitric acid with alcoholic ammonia; reducing on nitro-paraffms;  action of zinc and hydrochloric acid on aldehyde ammonias; reduction of the phenylhydrazones and oximes of aldehydes and ketones with sodium amalgam in the presence of alcohol and sodium acetate; action of dilute hydrochloric acid on the isonitriles; heating the mustard oils with a mineral acid, by the hydrolysis of the alkyl phthalimides. Primary amines contain the functional group -NH₂ (called amino group) and are converted into secondary and tertiary amines if heated with alkyl or aryl iodides. Primary amines form various oxidation products violently with concentrated nitric acid. If the amines are acetylated, they form nitro derivatives with concentrated nitric acid. Primary amines form diazonium salts with nitrous acid in cold solution in the presence of excess of mineral acid. Or a diazoamine is obtained in absence of excess of acid. Other reactions are condensation products with aldehydes; forming anilides; forming alkyl thioureas; yielding  isonitriles with alcoholic potash and chloroform. Tertiary amines combine with one molecular proportion of an alkyl iodide to form quaternary ammonium salts in which a central nitrogen atom is joined to four organic radicals and one acid radical. Quaternary ammonium salts are used as corrosion inhibitor, emulsifying and antiseptic agents. Aliphatic amines which have the lowest carbon content are water-soluble gases or liquids of low boiling point also readily soluble in water in case of the next low carbon content. But aliphatic amines which have the high carbon content are odourless solids of high boiling point and are insoluble in water. They are all bases and easily form salts with the mineral acids and solid salts with the halogenoalkanes. Amine Salts are crystalline substances that are readily soluble in water. Many insoluble alkaloids (e.g. quinine and atropine) are used medicinally in the form of soluble salts. If alkali (sodium hydroxide) is added to solutions of such salts the free amine is liberated. Short chain alkyl amines are used as raw materials of solvent, alkyl alkanolamines, and ingredients of rocket fuels. They are used to make other organic chemicals including rubber vulacanization accelerators, pesticides, quaternary ammonium compounds, photographic chemicals,  corrosion inhibitors, explosives, dyes and pharmaceuticals. They are used in rayon and nylon industry to improve the tensile strength. Allylamines are used as intermediates for ion exchange resins, pharmaceuticals, water soluble polymers, herbicide softeners, rubber chemicals, polymerization initiators and cross-linking agents. Amines are used as reducing agents for the recovery of precious metals. They are versatile intermediates. They have active applications in organic synthesis for polymerization catalyst, chain extender in urethane coatings, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, photographic, heat stabilizers, polymerization catalysts, flame-retardants, blowing agents for plastics, explosives, and colorants. Long chain alkyl amines are used for the synthesis of organic chemicals and surfactants used as a corrosion inhibitor, detergent, ore floating agent, fabric softener, anti-static agent, germicide, insecticide, emulsifier, dispersant, anti-caking agent, lubricant and water treatment agent. Alkyl tertiary Amines are used as fuel additives and preservatives. They have similar applications with long chain alkyl amines. Hexamethylenediamine used in the manufacture of nylon-6,6 is prepared by catalytic addition of hydrogen to nitriles. Aromatic amines also exist, such as phenylamine, which are important for the production of diazonium salts. They dissociate in water (some very weakly). Aromatic amines are much weaker bases than the aliphatics. One of the most important aromatic amines is aniline; pale brown liquid boiling at 184 C, melting at -6 C. Aniline is obtained commercially from chlorobenzene by heating  with ammonia in the presence of copper catalyst or from a product of coal tar (nitrobenzene) through the reduction reaction. Aniline is the starting material in the dye manufacturing industry and as in the manufacture of others. Aniline is converted into sulfanilic acid which is the parent compound of the sulfa drugs. Aniline is also important in the manufacture of rubber-processing chemicals, antioxidants and varnishes. Amines take part in many kinds of chemical reactions and offer many applications include in agrochemicals, dyestuffs (the best known being aniline), pharmaceuticals, and corrosion inhibitors.

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