| Benzaldehyde(also called Benzenecarbonal) is the simplest representative of the aromatic aldehydes. It is a colorless liquid aldehyde with a characteristic almond odor. It boils at 180°C, is soluble in ethanol, but is insoluble in water. Benzaldehyde is formed by partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol and readily oxidized to benzoic acid and is converted to addition products by hydrocyanic acid or sodium bisulfite. It is also prepared by oxidation of toluene or benzyl chloride or by treating benzal chloride with an alkali, e.g., sodium hydroxide. It is used chiefly in the synthesis of other organic compounds, ranging from pharmaceuticals to plastic additives and benzaldehyde is an important intermediate for the processing of perfume and flavouring compounds and in the preparation of certain aniline dyes. It is the first step in the synthesis for fragrances.It undergoes simultaneous oxidation and reduction with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, giving potassium benzoate and benzyl alcohol. It is converted to benzoin with alcoholic potassium cyanide, with anhydrous sodium acetate and acetic anhydride, giving cinnamic acid. Compounds which do not have alpha-hydrogen atoms cannot form an enolate ion and do not undergo electrophilic alpha-substitution and aldol condensation. Aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde and formaldehyde may undergo disproportionation in concentrated alkali (Cannizaro's reaction); one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to the corresponding alcohol and another molecule is simultaneously oxidized to the salt of a carboxylic acid. The speed of the reaction depends on the substituents in the aromatic ring. Two different types of aldehydes (aromatic and aliphatic) can undergo crossing reaction to form fomaldehyde and aromatic alcohols.>m-Nitrobenzaldehyde applications include the preparation of pharmaceuticals, X-ray contrast media and in the field of galvano technical applications.
The prefix nitro- indicates the presence of NO2- radical, while nitrate refers
to any salt or ester of nitric acid or the NO3- anion. Nitroso- is the prefix
indicating presence of the group -NO and azo- is for -N=N- group. Some range of
organic compounds containing nitrogen include nitro compounds (RNO2 ), nitroso
compounds (RNO), amines (R3N ), amino acids, and natural alkaloids or nucleotides. The nitrogen ion in nitro compounds is trigonally planar with 120°
angles. There are two resonance bonds so that the two oxygens are equivalent.
Nitro compounds are strongly basic due to electron withdrawing both inductively
and mesomerically. Historically, they
are abundant in dyes and explosives. Nitro compounds, organic hydrocarbons having one or more NO2
groups bonded via nitrogen to the carbon framework, are versatile intermediate
in organic synthesis.
- Michael
addition
- Reduction
- Henry
Reaction (Nitro-aldol reaction)
- Nef
reaction
- O-Alkylation
- Cycloaddition
- Substitution, Elimination, Conversion
reaction
- Alkylation,
Acylation, and Halogenation
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