FLUORENE (O-BIPHENYLENEMETHANE)

FLUORENE

PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

CAS NO.

86-73-7

FLUORENE

EINECS NO. 201-695-5

FORMULA C₁₃H₁₀

MOL WT. 166.22

H.S. CODE

TOXICITY

SYNONYMS 9H-Fluorene; o-Biphenylenemethane;

o-Biphenylmethane; DiPhenylenemethane; 2,2'-Methylenebiphenyl;2,3-Benzindene;

RAW MATERIALS

CLASSIFICATION

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL STATE

white solid

MELTING POINT 116 - 117 C

BOILING POINT 295 C

SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.203

SOLUBILITY IN WATER Insoluble

AUTOIGNITION

VAPOR DENSITY

NFPA RATINGS

REFRACTIVE INDEX

FLASH POINT

151 C

STABILITY Stable under ordinary conditions. Oxidizes in light

GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (also called polynuclear hydrocarbons) have two or more single or fused aromatic rings if a pair of carbon atoms is shared between rings in their molecules. In particular, the term 'PAH' refers to the compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms while the wider term 'polycyclic aromatic compounds' includes the alkyl-substituted derivatives and functional derivatives such as nitro- and hydroxy-PAH as well as the heterocyclic analogues, which contain one or more hetero atoms in the aromatic structure. PAHs exist in various combinations that manifest various functions such as light sensitivity, heat resistance, conductivity, emittability, corrosion resistance and physiological action. The simplest examples are naphthalene having two benzene rings side by side and biphenyl having two bond-connected benzene rings. PAHs are not found in synthetic products and are non-essential for the growth of living cells. The general characteristics of PAH describe high melting- and boiling-points (they are solid), low vapour pressure, and very low water solubility, decreasing with increasing molecular weight whereas resistance to oxidation, reduction, and vapourization increases. Vapour pressure tends to decrease with increasing molecular weight. PAHs are highly lipophilic and readily soluble in organic solvents. The lower molecular weight PAHs of 2 or 3 ring groups such as naphthalenes, fluorenes, phenanthrenes, and anthracenes have toxicity which tends to decrease with increasing molecular weight. PAHs are not synthesized chemically for industrial purposes but are isolated from concentrated coal-tar products (or from pyrolysis of coal hydrocarbons) followed by subsequent purification through repeated distillation and crystallization. Some PAHs such as naphthalene are also obtained from the concentration of the high boiling residual oil (and asphalt) derived from crude petroleum refinery processing. These PAHs are mostly used as intermediaries in pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, photographic products, thermosetting plastics, lubricating materials, and other chemical industries. General uses are;

Acenaphthene: Intermediate for naphthalic acids, naphthalic anhydride (intermediate for pigments) and for acenaphthylene (intermediate for resins); Intermediate for dyes, soaps, pigments, pharmaceuticals, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide and plant growth hormones. It is used to manufacture plastics and as an agent for inducing polyploidy.
Acridine: Dye and pharmaceutical manufacturing
Anthracene: Its oxidation yields anthraquinone, the parent substance of a large class of dyes and pigments; .diluent for wood preservatives; scintillant (for detection of high-energy radiation)
Fluoranthene: manufacturing fluorescent and vat dyes, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Fluorene: basic subsance for production of dyes, pigments, pesticides, thermosetting plastic and pharmaceuticals; manufacturing fluorenone (mild oxidizing agent)
Naphthalene: In the production of phthalic anhydride, carbaryl insecticide, beta-naphthol, tanning agents, moth repellent, and surfactants - naphthalene: main use: production of phthalic anhydride (intermediate for polyvinyl chloride plasticizers); also, production of azo dyes, surfactants and dispersants, tanning agents, carbaryl (insecticide), alkylnaphthalene solvents (for carbonless copy paper), and use without processing as a fumigant (moth repellent)
Phenanthrene: manufacturing phenanthrenequinone (intermediate for pesticides); manufacturing diphenic acid (intermediate for resins)
Pyrene: manufacturing perinon pigments
Quinoline: solvent for resins & terpines; decarboxylation agent; parent compound to make drugs, fungicides, biocides, alkaloids, dyes, rubber chemicals and flavoring agents

Precise PAHs, specific refined products are used also in the field of electronics, functional plastics and liquid crystals. Pharmaceutical and agricultural PAHs obtained coal tar are such materials as indole, indolizine, indene, quinoline, quinalidine, isoquinoline and their derivatives. High boiling-point special solvent are such materials as tetoralin, decaline, methyl-naphthalenes. Coumarins and dihydrocoumarins which can be obtained coal tar are PAHs used in perfumery. Thermosensitive paper sensitizer PAHs are such materials as p-benzylbiphenyl and ethylbiphenyl.

Fluorene is a member of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Two benzene rings are fused to cyclopentane ring. It emits violet fluorescent color. It is not synthesized commercially but is obtained from middle oil fraction of coal tar. It is insoluble in water; soluble in ether and acetone; melting point 116-117 C. It plays important part in metallocene catalysts as a ligand. It is used in the formation of polyradicals for resins. It is used in manufacturing antimalaria drugs and other pharmaceuticals. Fluorene family compounds are base materials for dyes and optical brightening agents. They have useful functions such as light and temperature sensitivity, heat resistance, conductivity, emittability, corrosion resistance and detection of amino groups. They are used in the applications of thermo and light sensitizer, liquid crystal chemistry, luminescence chemistry, spectrophotometric analysis, molecular chemistry, organometallic-complexes and biochemorphology industry.

SALES SPECIFICATION

APPEARANCE

white flakes

ASSAY (G.C)

97.0% min

MELTING POINT

115 ± 1 C

LOSS ON DRYING

0.5% max

TRANSMITTANCE

99.0% (50nm, 10% Toluene Sol.)

TRANSPORTATION

PACKING 25kgs in fiber drum

HAZARD CLASS 3

UN NO.

1224

EXAMPLES OF PARENT PAH COMPOUNDS


PENTALENE	INDENE (CAS RN: 95-13-6)

NAPHTHALENE (CAS RN: 91-20-3)	AZULENE (CAS RN: 275-51-4)

HEPTALENE	BIPHENYLENE (CAS RN: 259-79-0)

as-INDACENE	s-INDACENE

ACENAPHTHALENE (CAS RN: 83-32-9)	FLUORENE (CAS RN: 86-73-7)

PHENALENE (CAS RN: 203-80-5)	ANTHRACENE (CAS RN:120-12-7)

FLUORANTHENE (CAS RN: 206-44-0)	ACEPHENANTHRYLENE

TRIPHENYLENE (CAS RN: 217-59-4)	PYRENE (CAS RN: 129-00-0)

CHRYSENE (CAS RN: 218-01-9)	NAPHTHACENE (CAS RN: 92-24-0)

PLEIADENE (CAS RN: )	PICENE (CAS RN: 213-46-7)

PERYLENE (CAS RN: 198-55-0)	PENTAPHENE (CAS RN: 222-93-5)

PENTACENE (CAS RN: 135-48-8)	TETRAPHENYLENE (CAS RN: 212-74-8)

RUBICENE (CAS RN: 197-61-5)	CORONENE (CAS RN: 191-07-1)

PYRANTHRENE (CAS RN: 191-13-9)	OVALENE (CAS RN:190-26-1)